分词的知识网络以及非谓语动词作定语
分词的知识网络
定义 分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词（时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动）和过去分词（时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动）。分词在句中可以作表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。在讲解分词时，须介绍下独立主格结构和独立成分，以上二者常与分词作状语时混淆。
形式 时态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定式 否定词（not/never） +分词
用法 作表语 现在分词表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。
The situation is encouraging. 形势令人鼓舞。
作状语【分词和adj（短语）】 1. 分词/adj（短语）作状语，（作用）是对谓语表示的动作或状态的说明；（含义）表示伴随，结果、方式，让步，时间，原因和条件等；
2. 其逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致;常放在主句之前且用逗号与主句隔开；
3. 为强调时间，让步，方式或条件可在分词前加上when,while, if, though, as if 等连词，构成“连词+分词（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的各种形式”）”；
4. 分词短语与主句之间不能用or/and/but等连接，用并列连词连接的是并列的句子，而分词短语只是全句的状语。Following the guide, they started to climb.
非谓语动词作定语
1．现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。
Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mail waiting for her.
Laura去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候，有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。
2．过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。
You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.
你不能接受别人提供给你的意见，除非它 有事实依据。
3．不定式作定语表未做的事情；动词ing形式作定语表示此动作与被修饰词之间是主动关系；过去分词作定语时表示此动作与被修饰词之间是被动关系或已完成。
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
他下月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。
注意：表示心理状态的动词ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。
题1： The picture on the wall in his room is really pleasant_______ .
A. looking at B. to be looked at C. looked at D. to look at
题2： I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise________.
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
题3： —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work_______my mind，I almost break down.
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
题4： Listen! Can you hear a baby ________?
A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. cries
题5： He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the passenger’s pocket.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
题6： The machine doesn’t work. I will get it _______.
A. repaired B. repairing C. to be repaired D. repair
题7： He managed to make himself ________ at the meeting yesterday.
A. understanding B. to understand C. understood D. to be understood
题8： that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
题9： the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached
题10： We have no choice but ____ their offer.
A. accept B. to accept C. accepting D. accepted
